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与古典神话相关的词源

 

本期写一点关于古希腊罗马神话(Classical mythology)相关的词源故事,希望可以帮助大家更好地记住与之有关的单词。

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1. Echo

Echo 我们都知道是回声的意思。在希腊神话中,有个山岳仙女(Mountain nymph)也叫 Echo,她经常用美丽的声音,迷人的故事故意缠住好妒的赫拉(Hera,宙斯之妻),转移她的注意力,以便于宙斯(Zeus)可以趁机与其他仙女幽会。不料东窗事发,愤怒的赫拉让 Echo 失去了声音,作为惩罚。此后 Echo 只能重复别人所发出的声音,于是 Echo 一词进入英语之后就有了“回声”的意思。后来 Echo 遇到了 Narcissus(那耳喀索斯,又译作纳西瑟斯),他们俩一见钟情,可是因为 Echo 无法表达自己的爱意,她郁郁而终,最后只剩下声音回荡在山谷之中。

Echo

2. Narcissism

Echo 喜欢的 Narcissus 正是 narcissism(自恋)的来源,他是个帅气到爱上自己的男子。传说他出生后,他的母亲向预言家提瑞西阿斯(Tiresias)询问自己儿子的命运。Tiresias说,Narcissus 只要不看到自己的脸,就能得长寿。因此,尽管 Narcissus 长大后成为全希腊最俊美的男子,他却从不知道自己长什么样子。

Narcissus 的美貌让全希腊的女性为之倾倒,但他对所有前来求爱的女人都无动于衷。被他拒绝的女子们都要求复仇女神 Nemesis(涅墨西斯)惩罚那耳喀索斯。Nemesis 同意了她们的请求。一次打猎归来时,他在池水中看见了自己俊美的脸,于是爱上了自己的倒影,无法从池塘边离开,终于憔悴而死。这样就实现了 Tiresias 在他幼年时所作出的预言。之后 Narcissus 也就成了自恋的代名词。

3. Nemesis

Nemesis 是复仇女神,该词直接被用在了英语中,意为天谴,报应或者应得的失败。因为复仇女神是一位比较正面的形象,所以 nemesis 也是偏正面的,通常是坏人所得的惩罚。

其中 Nem 作为 nemesis 的词根,意思是 distribute, assign(按照每个人的行为分配结果,好人好报,恶人恶报)。还有其他单词也源自于 nem, 表示管理(arrange),分配(distribute):

  1. autonomy
  2. anomy,a 表否定,不管理 \Rightarrow 混乱
  3. astronomy,管理星星(astro)\Rightarrow 天文学
  4. economy

4. Cereal

Ceres是罗马神话中的神祇,和希腊神话的狄蜜特(demeter)相对应,为萨图尔努斯和俄普斯的女儿,朱庇特的妹妹,普洛塞庇娜的母亲,朱诺、维斯塔、涅普顿和普路托的兄弟姊妹,以及西西里岛的守护神。同时谷神星也叫 Ceres。

Ceres 来自于 ker 这个词根, 与下列单词也同源:

  1. create
  2. increase
  3. accrue,ac 表加强
  4. crew,原意是指作为增强的一群士兵,后来演变为机组人员、船员等意。
  5. grow
  6. corn,玉米
  7. grain,谷物颗粒

5. Sunday, monday…

在英语中,星期几的说法,大部分都来自于北欧神话。注意是英语中,其他语言则不是,比如中文(以数字命名),法语(罗马众神)。原因是英语是由日耳曼人中的部落——盎格鲁-撒克逊人所使用的语言演化而来,作为英语的创立者,当然是以本族文化,也就是北欧的神话来命名。

  1. 星期日(Sunday):取自太阳Sun。古日耳曼民族祭祀太阳的日子。
  2. 星期一(Monday):取自月亮Moon。是盎格鲁-萨克逊人的月亮之日。
  3. 星期二(Tuesday):是以战神 Tiu 或 Tiw(北欧战神 Tyr 的英语名字)之名而定。
  4. 星期三(Wednesday):这个名字来自古代祭祀主神奥丁的日子(Woden’s day,Woden 是古英语对奥丁的称呼)。
  5. 星期四(Thursday):奥丁之子——雷神索尔(Thor)之日。这是古日耳曼人一星期中最神圣的一天,会议通常在这天举行,且议员中午前未出现,就会被取消资格,所以索尔也是会议的守护神。
  6. 星期五(Friday):是奥丁之妻——弗丽嘉(Frigg)之日。
  7. 星期六(Saturday):取自罗马神话中的农神──Saturn。这是唯一和北欧神话无关的。

6. Chronic

它与时间之神 Chronos 同源,Chronos 是古希腊神话中的一位原始神,代表着时间。所以 chrono 表示时间的词根。

  1. chronicle,编年史
  2. chronograph,计时器、有计时功能的手表
  3. chronology,年代学
  4. chronometer,也是一种计时手表
  5. synchronize,同步(syn = together)

7. Geology

Geo + logy,来自于大地女神盖亚 Gaia,所以 geo 就等于大地、地球,geology 就是研究地球的学科。

盖亚是最早的神祇。太初,她由混沌(Chaos)中诞生。盖亚创造了第一位男性神——乌拉诺斯,她是天空之神乌拉诺斯的母亲,而后与他结合生下十二位提坦、三位独眼巨人、三位百臂巨人。她是世界的初始,所有天神都是她的后代,第三代众神之王宙斯是她的孙子。

相关单词:

  1. geocentric,地心说
  2. geography,地理
  3. geopolitical,地缘政治
  4. geothermal,地热

8. Atlas

阿特拉斯(Atlas)是希腊神话中的擎天神。他属于泰坦神族,是十二泰坦神之一的 伊阿珀托(Iapetus)的儿子,“盗火者”普罗米修斯的哥哥。泰坦神族被奥林巴斯神族打败后,参与反叛的阿特拉斯被宙斯惩罚,被迫在世界的西边以双肩擎住被放逐的天神乌拉诺斯,以免他返回地面与大地女神盖亚做爱。阿特拉斯的名字 Atlas 在希腊语中的原意是“擎者”。16世纪,地理学家麦卡脱(Mercator)把 atlas 擎天图作为一本地图册的卷首插图。后人争相效仿,单词 atlas 从此被用来表示地图集。阿特拉斯所擎的圆球本是苍天,但后人常常误解为地球。

传说一万多年以前在世界第二大洋大西洋上本来有一个名叫Atlantis的大陆,大陆上还有个王国,以后可能因地震而沉于海底。古希腊哲学家柏拉图在其作品《蒂迈乌斯篇及克利梯阿斯篇》(Tirnaeus and Critias)中第一次提到它。大西洋的名字 Atlantic 可能即源于此。另有一种说法认为 Atlantic 得名于非洲西北部的 Atlas 山脉。但不论是 Atlantis 大陆还是 Atlas 山脉,名称又都起源于希腊神话中以肩顶天的巨神 Atlas,因此可以说 Atlantic 即源于 Atlas。

9. Cloth

在古罗马神话中共有三位命运女神:分别是克罗托(Clotho)、 拉克西斯(Lachesis)和阿特罗波斯(Atropos)。她们通过生命之线的长度决定人的寿命长短。其中,最大的克罗托负责纺织生命之线,老二克拉 西斯负责决定生命之线的长短,最小的阿特罗波斯负责切断生命之线。英语单词cloth、clothe、clothing都来自负责纺线的克罗托的名字Clotho。

10. Chaos

古希腊神话的第一部分是创世阶段,即以神话方式解释世界的来源。在这一阶段出现的神祗通常称为“旧神”或“老神”,他们分别是世界某一部分的拟人化,后来被以宙斯为代表的奥林巴斯神族推翻。卡俄斯(Chaos)是希腊神话中最早的的神灵,代表宇宙形成之前模糊一团的景象。根据赫西奥德的《神谱》和早期希腊神话记载:宇宙之初只有卡俄斯,他是一个无边无际、一无所有的空间。随后他依靠无性繁殖从自身内部诞生了大地女神、深渊神、黑暗神、黑夜女神和爱神等五大创世神,世界由此开始。虽然卡俄斯是世界之源,但他在后来的希腊神话中几乎没有什么戏份,仅仅起到序幕的作用。由卡俄斯的名字 Chaos 产生了表示“混沌”的单词 chaos 及其派生词 chaotic 。

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  The Cultural Hotpot There is a hotpot standing in the middle of the picture, containing various kinds of food with different names such as swan lake, enlightenment, Confucianism, etc., as if all of them were mixing perfectly and harmoniously. The caption under the cartoon says: the cultural hot pot is both delicious and nutritious. The cartoon intends to illuminate that our culture is not an isolated island where folks only absorb things that they are familiar with. What we need to assimilate, however, is cultural features from different nations and various races. And by this means, the hotpot would be so delicious and nutritious that everyone in this society can relish what they have achieved eventually and can unconsciously affect each other afterward. In my viewpoint, diverse cultures enormously broaden ones’ horizons. In other words, whatever we are in touch with, it may provide a different way in which we see the world where there may be another treasure in an unnoticed corn...