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词缀讲解之后缀篇-1



之前讲了很多词根、前缀,但是还没讲过后缀,因为后缀的难度比较大,而且在使用率上要高于前缀,所以本期换一换口味(超链接不多,主要动脑子),讲讲后缀吧~

首先明确一个概念:词缀(affix)。af + fix,fix为固定、stick、attach,af(ad变化而来)表加强,所以词缀为固定上去的东西。而词缀的固定对象就是词根(root),所以通过词缀+词根的组合就能形成新单词。

词缀包括了前缀(prefix, pre,在前面)和后缀(suffix,sub => suf,在下面)。前缀通常用来和词干(stem,理解为词根即可)组合改变单词的意思,比如un + happy,dis + like。

因为中文是我们的母语,所以很多人甚至没意识到我们生活中也大量使用词缀,小兄弟、小姐、小姨等,这里"小"就是一个前缀。反物质、反人类,这里的反和英语中的"anti" 和 "counter"一致,不会有人不知道 Counter-Strike 吧?

后缀如我们、你们、男孩们,“们"表多数,与英语中加复数的s对应。还有表性质的后缀,攻击性,爆炸性,侵略性,“性” 对应英语中的 “ive” (划重点),Aggressive, Explosive,ive表性质,这一点一定要记住,本期不打算讲这个词根,虽然它足够重要,也是重点+难点,下下次再说(我柚偷懒了)。预告一下,下次讲的是"ous”,为什么讲这个呢?因为它是重点+非难点,而且经常与其他词缀弄混,大家可以自行预习,看看能掌握到何种程度。

再划重点,说一下为什么英语中很多形容词能表名词?比如上述的explosive还可以表示爆炸物(近义词:bomb,C4,device)。相信很多同学在记忆该类型单词比较伤脑筋,如果不掌握记忆方法,那么记忆量就要double,非常不划算。

首先明确一点,语言是相通的,所以英语中如果遇到了不明白的知识点可以在中文里寻找相似之处(中文包括不限于普通话(mandarin)),大家最好可以在自己会的方言(Dialect)里找类似的。举个例子,f、h的变化,典型的是湖建人、福南人;东北话里l = r,蓝后(然后);l = n,蓝鲸(南京)人。此类变化非常之多,大家可以自行发掘,至于为什么出现这种变化,个人的想法是在不影响理解的情况下,尽可能加大发音的方便程度。东北地区比较冷,大口说话吸入冷气较多,所以把r发为l,为了减少进气量,不信大家试试哪个音嘴巴长得更大。我会的方言里也有大量的元音变化(同样是节省发音难度),因为不方便打出来(囧)所以就不说了。大家自行对比普通话 vs. 方言,加深对于字母变化的理解。

以上段落算是辅音变化的人话版,为了引出为什么英语中很多形容词能表名词?大家可以想想普通话里是否有形容词表名词这一现象。比如,我们的,他们的,显然以"的"结尾当然是形容词啦。但是!它们可以用来表示名词。

例句:这些书是我们的。

The books are ours.

我们的显然是形容词,中文结构为 noun is adj.。这里英语的结构为 noun is noun。主语和宾语都是名词。但是中文缺少英文这种变化,也就是在没有上下文语境的情况下,如果让我们翻译"我们的",不知道应该翻译为our还是ours。

这里就出现了一个形容词表名词的现象,那么用中文如何解释呢?这里我的想法是:中文格式结构不如拉丁语系丰富(各种词形变化中文都木得),但是表意能力极强,需要对话双方有足够的想象力和理解能力。比如唐诗宋词,中文学习者每个字都知道什么意思,连在一起就不明白了。所以上面的例句完整应该是这样:

这些书是我们的(书)。

或者

这些书是我们的(东西)。

我们已经靠想象力自动补足了该句子的宾语,当想象得足够多时(也为了节省口水),这便成为了一种语言现象。这里的"东西"是万能替换。

那么回到开始的问题,这个省略现象和这个问题又有什么关系呢?

在表达某一事物的性质时,我们并不需要明确宾语,因为宾语 = 主语。所以只说形容词+省略的名词也可以表达名词,也就是为什么我们只能看到形容词的原因。举例:如果有个不明物在面前,我并不知道他是什么东西。于是问周围的人:这是什么?周围的人当然知道我不知道这是什么,那么他怎么说才能构建出对这个不明物的认知呢?答案是描述他的属性。比如他这么说(括号内为省略词):

This is an explosive (thing).

这是一个会爆炸的(东西)。

我不知道这是导弹、C4,还是原子弹。不过我知道的是,它们都会explode,然后赶紧溜溜球。这样的话我能快速对这个事物进行认识。长期的语言习惯之后,形容词变成名词就可以理解了。

所以以"ive"结尾的词有大量的名词(比后缀ous多),比如:

objective,ob “in front” + ject “throw”,扔在前面的东西 =>宾语,目的,客体…再加上ive表性质,可以表示客观性(adj.)。具有客观性的,不受主观影响的 => 目的(与object近义)。Objective(noun)还可以表示语法里的objective case(间接格?),我也不知道这是个什么,总之也是个表示客观事物的名词。

Detective,侦探,大家刑侦剧估计看得不少,这个词必出现,不用多说了吧。

Depletive,deplete,减少 + ive ,放血剂。

化学名词不需记忆。但是ple这个词根很重要。之前讲过,这里再仔细讲一下:ple = fill,因为p = f,然后再变一变(e放在前面变成pel => pil => fil => fill)就成了fill,具体变化不需要记忆,我说的这个变化也不一定对,能知道意思就可以了。

那么知道了ple是fill(填满)有什么用吗?

Deplete,de表否定,不填满 => 耗尽,减少。

下面这段话对于理工科同学比较重要,补集大家肯定都学过啦,但是很少有人知道补集为什么是Complement,原因如下:

Com表加强,所以comple就是补充的意思,再加个ment做名词就成了补集,然后Complementary就是互补的,这个词虽然难,可是考过的哦,补充个例句帮助理解:

“Three guitarists playing complementary parts”

提醒:不要和compliment(赞美)搞混,词根确实一样的,赞美就是做完一件事最后的补充物,满足内心的成就感嘛。

提醒2:Complaisant,complacent,两个单词词根一样,不是ple,而是plac(please,使别人开心),但是两个单词意思完全相反,一个是开心别人,一个是开心自己。这里还有个知识点
s = c(发音一样),记住很简单,Sino = China(h省略,其他元音变化)。中美贸易战 = Sino-US trade war。

总结一下:

  1. ive表属性

  2. 自行寻找方言里辅、元音变化

  3. 形容词变名词的逻辑

好啦,本期对于后缀的入门讲解已经完毕,以后会挑几个代表性的后缀进行详解,敬请期待!

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