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词缀讲解后缀篇之“ous”

在上一期已经简单介绍了 ‘ive’ 这个后缀,后续再考虑补充该后缀的其他性质。本期主要讲解后缀 ‘ous’,希望能帮助到大家~~

先举几个以ous结尾的单词:

  • mysterious
  • curious
  • felicitous (幸福的)
  • homogeneous(考过。同质,相似的,数学中意为齐次,homogenous equations“齐次方程”)

很多同学认为以 ‘ous’ 结尾的单词是形容词,所以ous是形容词后缀。但是知道ous是形容词后缀几乎对于我们背单词没有任何帮助,因为还有大把其他后缀(‘ic’, ‘ical’, ‘ish’)同样也是表形容词,所以仅仅知道是形容词这一点信息量太小,不仅对于记忆(memorize)单词没有帮助,反而加大背诵的负担。故如何区别不同后缀是提高的关键。

重点来了,ous有以下几个用法:

  1. 表数量多、富足(richly possessing)

  2. 表性质(of the nature of)

  3. 表相似(like)

第一个性质表数量多估计很多同学没有意识到,主要讲一下这个含义,因为最常见,而且可以用来解释很多单词的意思。

Mysterious

先来个简单的,神秘的。Mystery + ous,很多神秘的事 => 神秘的。

Hilarious

Hilarity“高兴,欢乐” + ous。很多欢乐 => 快乐的,通常指非常好笑,比happy更甚。Hilary(希拉里)作为人民也是此意。

Luciferous

难度稍大,意为带来光的,该单词由三部分组成 luc“光” + fer “带来” + ous “多”。

luc = lux 是光 “light ”的词根。其中 x = eks(讲过),e和u合并为u(元音变化无所谓),k = c(发音相同),s辅音省略。

举个例子帮助同学们记忆lux:玩过英雄联盟的肯定知道里面有个女英雄叫拉克丝,那么她的英文名就叫做Lux,就是光的意思啦。她的所有技能(光芒四射、光明束縛……)都与光有关,应该有画面了吧?如果女同学没玩过英雄联盟的也有一个记忆的方法,去逛一下超市肯定能找到力士(lux,读音相似)洗发水,没见过的同学去京东买一瓶 ^_^。洗发水的目的当然是让头发更有光泽啦,所以取名力士lux。

fer作为词根意为带来(carry),transfer(相互拿,相互带 => 转移),differ(分来带 => 区分),不多说了,非本期重点。

ous表示多,所以结合起来带来很多光的就是该单词的意思啦,这个相当冷门的单词经过一番拆解之后就会发现记忆十分的轻松。如果熟悉的话,能第一次猜出很多低频单词的意思(这种单词在英文书籍中还不算冷门,如果作者经常根据词根造出单词,通常字典是查不到的,这时候只能靠拆解词根了。)

路西法(Lucifer)是圣经中的恶魔,有被翻译为光之带来者或者黎明使者,意思很明显了。
路西法作为恶魔为什么能带来光呢?他的故事在百度和维基。

所以Luciferous还可以拆分为 lucifer + ous,这里的ous表相似和性质都行,像路西法一样【带来光明】,同样可以说得通,根据个人喜好来记忆。

Enormous

名词为enormity。e“向外” + norm“标准” + ous。很多超出规范的东西 => 巨大的。

Numerous

Number + ous。很多数字 => 许多。

Lustrous

发光的,同样是一个关于光“lux”的单词,luster经过变化(加上了ter)也表示光,至于为什么加ter,有可能是为了组成更多的单词吧,包括Illuminate也是光。

因为luster是光,显然illustrate(il表加强)就是放光的,中文叫做阐明,说明,这里的明是不是和光线有关?

illustrate很容易和illuminate(发光)记混,已经构词原理完全一样,所以比较好的方法就是先把这两个都当作发光来翻译,不影响理解,等见的多了自然就熟悉了。illuminate算是低频词,但是illustrate在教材中经常看到,特别是有插图的时候。

接下来是ous表相似的单词

  1. Rivalrous,Rivalry + ous,像敌人的。
  2. Thunderous,打雷般的。
  3. treasonous,叛徒般的。

这个意思比较简单,不多说了。

有同学可能会产生疑问:

  1. ive也表性质,和ous有何区别?

  2. ous就有这么多意思,如何知道是哪一个?

  3. 记住了三个意思岂不是加大了背诵负担?

首先回答第一个问题,ive和ous确实都能表性质,那么他们的区别主要在于后缀前面单词的词性。

重点:最大的差异在于由ive生成的单词只能是动词,而ous是名词。

举例:ive生成了active,aggressive,conclusive,都是动词 + ive。ous生成了numerous,rivalrous等以上。

确实很难理解其中区别,个人的理解如下:

后缀生成的单词的意思不能和后缀的其他意思冲突

上面那句话比较难理解,简单来说就是:由ous的第三个用法组成的单词需要和其他用法自洽,不能产生逻辑漏洞。举例:

Hilarious既可以说是有欢乐性质的,也可以说是有很多欢乐的。

但是显然第一个用法(表富足)就不能用于动词,也就是ive的领域。我们不能描述一个动作的数量大小,只能说某个动作具有什么性质(爆炸性、侵略性),所以这就是为什么相同后缀能表示同一种含义而不产生冲突。

第二个问题:从某一个角度理解即可,因为后缀的生成逻辑有自洽性,所以在记忆时只需要记住不同的意思即可。ive记住表性质:

having the nature or quality of a thing

ous记住表富足:

richly possessing

第三个问题,核心是两点:

  1. 能记就记,不能记就选一个最特殊的意思大致也能推出意思,基本上不影响理解。

  2. 用后缀去联想记忆其他单词的效率很高,一个后缀起码能关联十几个单词。

  3. 很多书里有用词缀的自构词,这时候不懂恐怕就无法理解弦外之音或者妙用了。

这里解释一个例外"continuous",乍一看continue + ous貌似是动词 + ous,违背了上述原则。原因是:英语词汇来源很广,长得像的单词来源不一定相同,比如continuous来自于法语、拉丁语,就不符合该构词原则。实际上continuous来自于contain(包含),所以看上去才会反规律。

来源:

Either via Old French continueus, or directly from Latin continuus, from contineō (“hold together”).

观察后面即可,其他部位看不懂忽略不计。因为后缀本来就是ous(此处涉及到其他语言的变化规律),所以并不是continue + ous。

总的来说,不是所有单词都能用这种方法推导出来,因为相似单词可能来自于不同词源,continuous的后缀是由拉丁语uus(表主动,与ive用法一样)变化而来,uus到英语中成了ous。

还有一个比较难的单词辨析:Continuous和continual的区别在于,continual是间断的连续(连续的阴雨天,连续的麻烦),continuous不能间断(连续函数,continuous functions)。

本期信息量不小,希望同学们能反复琢磨其中道理 ^_^

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