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考研高频单词讲解-3

单词讲解第三节,let’go~

21. federal

联邦的,最出名的就是FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation,联邦调查局),顾名思义,美国是联邦制国家。但是美国在颁布《美利坚合众国宪法》(Constitution of the United States)前仍然属于邦联制(confederal)国家。

Federal和confederal的区别在于confederal通常是由多个国家组成,federal则是一个国家,比如欧盟可以称之为邦联。

Bureau如果记不住可以和politburo(politic + bureau,政治局)一起记忆。该政治机构由布尔什维克(bolshevik,俄语中意为多数派majority)首创。

多提一句孟什维克(menshevik)是少数派,minority,前缀men和min实际上是同源的,可以相互加深记忆。

同理bol就是多large的词根(不用记忆)

22. average

平均,做形容词、名词、动词均可。补充几个数学名词

Mean:平均数(adj.还有下流的意思),出现频率较高

Mode:众数。低频

Median:中位数。低频

23. avoid

void,空,来自于vuide(古法语),学过c、c++编程的同学肯定知道void的意思啦。

evuider(e +
vuider,向外变空)是法语的清空和避免,然后字母经过变形(元音变化)到了英语就成了avoid。

西班牙语:evitar,避免。这几个单词虽然长得不一样,但是仔细分析实际上都是同源词根,某些元音和辅音稍作变化就成了另一个语言的单词。有能力的同学多记忆点别的语言的的单词还能加深印象。

24. casino

赌场,最著名的莫过于Las vegas了,来自于词根 casa’house’。

cottage就是由casa变化而来(s变成t,加age名词后缀)。

25. dam

大坝,鹿特丹(Rotterdam)和阿姆斯特丹(Amsterdam)中的dam取自该意。

这两所城市都是属于Netherlands(荷兰,尼德兰),nether就是低,low的词根(同源词beneath,be

  • nether。注意与neither区分开),所以荷兰又被称之为低地国家,海拔很低,所以需要大量建造dam来扩充土地。低地三国的地名有很多’丹’结尾的。

与荷兰人聊天最好不要说Holland,因为Holland仅是netherland的一部分,容易引起对方不适,中文就无所谓啦。

26. advocate

ad(加强) + voc’call,speak’ => 支持,宣传。

voc也是一个重要词根,补充一些同源单词:

vocal,声音的

voice,声音

univocal,单一意思的。uni是与one同源(u=e, i=e)。玩过uno牌的同学应该知道,在最后一张牌要喊出"uno",这里的uno在意大利和西班牙语就是one的意思。

vowel,元音

vouch,担保。替某人说话就是担保。

还有很多同源词,等有空再写词根总结。

27. discipline

纪律,约束。同义词:control,regulation。还有【学科】的意思,用来约束学生的东西
=> 学科(联想记忆)。词源有争议,见这里。

这个单词暂时没想到特别好的记忆方法,好在大家见得应该够多加上单词本身的用法不难,所以应该没有太大问题。

补充一些例子:

a lack of proper parental and school discipline

he was able to maintain discipline(约束) among his men

he doesn’t have to submit to(服从,sub下 + mit放) normal disciplines.

28. evolution

volvo"旋转"这个词根之前已经说过了,当时还举了Volvo的例子。

Valve(v社)也是来自于这个词根,valve(不是value!)意为阀门,是不是有一个转动的把手?v社创办的steam(蒸汽)也和阀门有关,蒸汽会从阀门里跑出来。

e(ex,向外)+ volvo,向外转就是进化。

revolution是革命,re(again,反复),反复转有可能是开倒车,不一定是进化,有可能更好,也可能更差。

29. extend

ex + ten(延伸,stretch),向外延伸 => 拓展。ten同样是一个常见词根。

所以浏览器插件(extension)严格翻译应该是拓展,而不是插件(plugin)

注意expand和extend并非同源词,虽然意思上有相同的地方。

30. exceptional

except(ex + cep抓),抓出去的=>例外。区别一下beside(be是 +
side一边),在一边 => 包括。不要把beside和except都翻译成【除了】 ,
容易搞混了。

exception就是例外的东西,再加al表形容词。中性词,大多数用来形容非常优秀。

但是!当形容一个孩子的时候表示有先天障碍。

helping parents of exceptional children。帮助家长(他们的孩子有残疾)

正常翻译应该是:帮助残疾孩子的父母。意思有点怪。至于为什么,这和对of的理解有关,of可以翻译成【的】。

但是!!!这会导致中文语序的混乱,结果就不容易理解了。这里简单说一下(以后专门会介绍介词),of可以理解为数学上子集(subset)的概念。白话就是前面包含后面,或者说后面是前面的一部分属性。

比如:a boy of 15,一个男孩,具有15岁的属性

the sleeve of his coat,袖子,属性:不是别人的袖子,不是T恤的袖子,而是他的大衣的袖子。

这是of的通用用法,第一次接触可能较难理解,还需要多读例句消化一下

后记:本文涉及到的词根不多,并且很多都遇见过了,可见只要掌握一定数量(二十个左右)的词根,就能应对很多单词了。如果后续单词没什么可讲的了会考虑写一些总结篇(介词,词根词缀),敬请期待~~

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