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考研高频单词讲解-5


本文为该系列第五期,我之前也对常用的变化规律简单介绍了一下,所以大家应该对单词形变有了基本的概念。如果没有我再贴几个链接,方便大家加深理解。

第一个回答:https://www.zhihu.com/question/27044578/answer/35030903

引用几段话:

  1. 元音(区别于元音字母)间的变化可以忽略,不要造成记忆上的负担。比如fact, fect, fic都是fac(做)这个词根的同源异形根。也就是说元音在词根含义中意义不大。

  2. 辅音向[d][t]过渡,而[t],[d]则向[s]过渡。

  3. 词根首字母会同化词缀尾字母。我们下面要说的 success 里就是sub尾字母b受到了词根cess首字母的影响而变成suc。这样的例子在英文单词中数不胜数,

第三点之前的单词出现过,但是我一笔带过了,不知道是否影响阅读。

再补里面一张比较有价值的一张图片:https://i.imgur.com/nbFnLQU.jpg

第二个回答:https://www.zhihu.com/question/21817832/answer/767747947

墙裂建议看完以上两个回答,基础不好的可以加深印象,已经明白了的可以再多补充点知识。

下面进入正文部分,本次只有五个单词,但是信息量相当大,把引用都看了还是比较累的,希望可以有耐心。看不太懂同学们没关系,多次学习,能看多少是多少^_^

41.immigrant

im’en’+ migrate’move’,看一下immigrate的英英释义:

To move into a foreign country to stay permanently.

意思比较简单,就是migrate的词根好像比较难记,好在是单词本身应该已经能够记忆了,所以用单词记忆词根在这里比较合适。

要注意区分的是emigrant的意思也是移民,只不过在这里是指向外移民(e表ex,向外)。举个栗子, an emigrant ship是一艘去往其他国家的移民船,而 an immigrant ship就是向本国来驶的船。这里用汉语无法区分,或者说很不方便,所以要格外地注意其中细微的区别。动词emigrate和immigrate同理。贴一个韦氏字典的解释,还提到了refugee这个单词,有兴趣的同学可以自行查看。

再补充一个小知识,migrate本身就有迁移的意思,在计算机领域也是可以指数据迁移。所以当我们想把位于大陆的数据中心(Date center,简称DC)的数据(如云上贵州)迁移到美国,这个过程就叫Data migration。

42.indeed

Deed可以简单的翻译为"行为"。In + deed都明白,但是估计不知道这个单词为什么表强调。

Deed由do变化而来,这个没什么问题,同时fact的词源也是do,make。所以fact在某种意义上就是deed。In deed = in fact,写成这样就不难理解其意了。

fact为什么是do,这个从字母变化上不好解释,这个链接可以稍作参考。如果词根不好记忆,那么根据我第二期最后写给大家的话,用多个单词去记忆这个词根。举几个例子:

Affect,af + do,去做 => 影响。

Infect,细菌向里做 => 感染。

Confect,共同做 => 糅合(通常指甜点)。

Feat,做出来的东西 => 壮举。

类似的还有很多,用词根树或者我推荐的词源网站都可以找到。而且网站未必写得全,能背多少就看大家的联想能力啦,懂得方法之后背单词会更快,但不得不承认它依然是个体力活^_^

43.invest

In+vest’clothe’,vest至今依然有衣服的含义,invest从字面翻译就是穿上衣服。投资并不是给别人穿上了衣服,而是给自己原有的资产穿上了衣服,比如金钱变成了股票或者土地。

这个单词来源于意大利语,重点已经画出来了。

The meaning “use money to produce profit” is attested from 1610s in connection with the East Indies trade, and it is probably a borrowing of a special use of Italian investire (13c., from the same Latin root) via the notion of giving one’s capital a new form.

这里Capital翻译为资产,不是首都。

44.maintain

Man’hand’+ ten ‘hold’,这里有容易比较犯错的点,首先main不是主要,其次man不是男人,而是手的词根。为什么表示手不好查证,和42.fact一个道理,所以还是通过多个单词记忆该词根比较方便。

Manage

Emancipate,e + man + cap,向外抓 => 解放。Cap讲过了,不记得点超链接或者看之前的文章复习。

Manifest,这个单词用词根相当难记,我尽量讲的明白些。首先Mani = hand,fest 和 infest 的后半部一样,fest的词根意思为able to。这里infest表示使不能,所以就是侵扰。而manifest就是be able to hand,可以用手展示 => 明显的。有点唾手可得的意味在里面。

如果这么记不下来,那就用共产党宣言(The Communist Manifesto)记忆。很明显的东西 => 宣言。

45.mass

通常指大片的不定形的东西,英文是这么说的:

A coherent, typically large body of matter with no definite shape.

一定的(有固定范围的)形状,definite shape,这里fin表示界限,de向下,所以向下有界限就是一定的,有固定范围的。Mass和make同源,本质上是做(fashion)出来的东西。然后可以引申为人群、质量等等。

Mass shooting为枪击案,而不是people shooting。

这里Fin’limit,end’为重要词根,考研经常遇到。这里举几个例子:

Finite,有限的。

Definite,向下有限的 => 确定的,一定的。

Indefinite,不 + 确定的 => 无限期的。Indefinite ban 无限期禁赛。

Confine 共同限制 => 限制在某一片区域。

剩下的同学们自行查阅吧。

关于definite说句题外话,数学中正定矩阵(positive definite matrix)来源于此,因为定矩阵(也可能是negative)是有一定形状的,不是什么矩阵都能行。参考这个问题。

关于正定矩阵其实在拉格朗日乘数法(其几何意义非常有趣,希望同学们能看懂)里也能遇到,在求二阶导之后得到了一个矩阵,如果它是定的(正定或负定),那么就可以求极值。关于这个问题知乎有很多相关讨论,大家可以自行搜索。

后记:英文短的单词通常更容易记住,但是其用法比较灵活,有的甚至有多个词性,这种情况需要同学们仔细查阅字典看看有没有自己不认识的意思,最好能全部记住,不过现实情况是能有个印象就不错了∩_∩

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