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词根“duct”相关单词讲解

aerial shot of forest

本期讲解词根duct,Duct在这篇博文中提到过,意为领导、引导(‘to lead’),duct的原始词根为deuk(结尾辅音变化,不影响单词意思),本文的以下单词皆与该意思有关,不需要全部记忆,根据个人精力进行学习。

1. Duke

公爵。duke由deuk演化而来,两个词长得差不多,读音也差不多。公爵是领导一个地区的人,一个领导者。

Duchess,公爵夫人。
Duchy,duke的东西 => 公国。
Archduke,arch(大)+ duke,奥地利大公,位置比公爵高,低于国王。
Grand duke,也是大公,欧洲大陆国家常见,如:卢森堡大公,托斯卡纳大公。
Ducat,达克特,一种货币。字面意为:公爵的货币。
Ducal,duc + al,公爵的

再补充一下欧洲贵族的英语,爵位按排序递减:

  1. 侯爵,Marquis。Marq = mark,标记。标记在这里象征着领地的边界被mark了,侯爵负责管理标记内部的领地。
  2. 伯爵,count(欧洲大陆国家使用),earl(英国)。
  3. 子爵,viscount。vis (‘vice’) + count,vis可能大家不熟悉,看到Vice President,应该就知道了。vice意为代替(‘instead of, deputy’),子爵是在伯爵之下的爵位,所以加上了vis。
  4. 男爵,baron,玩LOL的同学肯定知道。

2. Duct

导管,管道(如图所示),领导、引领水、石油和气到目标地点的东西。

enter image description here

Ductile,延展性。容易被引领的东西(easy to be led)=> 延展性。
Duction,引领。

3. Abduce

使肢体外展。away + lead,领出去。该单词已基本不用( obsolete)。

Abduct,非常容易弄混,而且算常见,意为拐走(把别人的肢体领走)。
Abductor,诱拐者。
Abduction,诱拐的名词。

该单词不包括卖这个意思,根据词根,不难理解其原因。Adduct,还有一个意思,与abduce类似,是肢体外延(如图)。

enter image description here

Circumduct,肢体环回(如图)。

image

4. Adduce

意为引证。把其他地方的语言领过来。英英释义为:

To give reasons why you think something is true.

5. Conduce

导致,有助于。

Help to bring about (a particular situation or outcome).

Conducive,ive作为结尾表性质,意为有引导性的,有助于的。近义词为Conducent(不须记忆)。

6. Conduct

这个词大家比较熟悉,意思也比较多

  1. 举行,举办。举办一个活动需要多人一起领导。
  2. 为…导游
  3. 指挥
  4. 传导(热或电)
  5. 行为举止(n.)。领导 => 管理 => 管理自己的方式 => 行为举止。

Conductive,Conductivity,传导性。

7. Deduce

推断,away + duce,向下引领 => 推断,推论。理工科的书籍中经常看到这个单词。

Deducible,可推论的。注意与deductible区分。

Deduct,向下领走 => 减免。这个词更常见的是deductible,可以减免的 => 免赔额,是个保险相关的词汇,意思是,对于保险公司来说,不需要赔付的钱。比如医保保单的deductible是1000元,那么在1000元以下的时,保险公司无需赔付。只有高于1000,保险公司才会付钱。

8. Educe

向外引 => 引出。

Educt为化学中的析出物(something that is educed),不须记忆。
Water eductor,导水器,用来引出河底的沉淀物。

9. Induce

字面意为 lead in。

  1. 诱导。

They induced her to take the job by promising editorial freedom.

  1. 导致。

Pills for seasickness often induce drowsiness.

虽然两个意思,但是大致上表达的都是向内引导去做某事(lead in or into [sth.])。

中场休息:学完了这么多单词,来看看大家有没有被绕晕,举个比较难理解的例子帮助大家检测以下学习成果。

下面为三种推理方式,各有不同:

  1. 演绎推理(Deductive Reasoning)
  2. 归纳推理(Inductive Reasoning)
  3. 溯因推理(Abductive Reasoning)

这几个单词都是无法从词典意思上去理解的(字典上查不到),必须用前缀 + 词根才能解释得通。

在介绍各种推理之前,先解释一下Reason,做动词,意为

Think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic.

Logic(逻辑)在这里出现地相当地应景。Reason由Ratio(拉丁语:思考)变化而来,因为Ratio(英语:比例)是人类可以思考的数字,所以叫有理、成比例数(Rational numbers)。Irrational number(无理数)超出了人的思考范围,因为我们无法想象 \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{2}} 到底是多少,而 \frac{1}{2} 就很简单了。

演绎推理

演绎推理就是由已知推结论,比如 a\in(0,1)a 在(0,1)这个区间,那么可以推导出
a\in(-1,2) 这个结论,即:
a\in(0,1)\Rightarrow a\in(-1,2)

也就是说演绎推理是个由已知推结论的过程,再举个更简单的例子:
我位于中国\Rightarrow 我在地球上

所以演绎推理是从上而下的过程,不可以回溯,所以是Lead down(deduce)。

归纳推理

归纳推理大家不陌生,数学归纳法都学过。归纳(induce)就是通过已知地现象来假设某个结论成立,然后带领(lead)我们进入(in)结论,这个过程不一定是完全正确的,所以它具有诱导、诱惑性质(inductive),结论可能对,也可能错了。比如

所有观察到的乌鸦都是黑的。\Downarrow所有乌鸦都是黑的。

我总是把画像挂在钉子上。\Downarrow所有画像都是挂在钉子上的。。

显然归纳法没有那么靠谱,未必能得出正确的结论。

数学归纳法是归纳法的一种,它的例子很多了,这里不再举例。

这里有同学可能会说,数学归纳法首先猜测结论,然后通过已知推导(deduce)到结论,为什么不是Deductive Reasoning?

答:数学归纳法是一种严格证明,所以他也算演绎推理的一种(其他归纳法不一定)。

溯(s\grave{u})因推理

溯因(又叫回溯[Retroduction])推理大家估计没听说过,其实我们现实生活中运用的最多(毕竟我们日常生活不是数学题)。那么什么是溯因?引用以下知乎这个回答,写得很通俗:

溯因推理过程可简述为:(1)某一现象E被观察到;(2)提出假说H来解释E;(3)基于H提出推论C;(4)若C被证伪,则H为假;(5)若C被验证为真,则H可能为真。以H为前提一般可以演绎出C1、C2、C3 ……等一系列推论。如果这些推论都被证实,那么H就获得了更大程度的支持,从而H为真的可能性更高。一个假说的众多推论可能不会全部被证实, 也不会全部被证伪。此时,人们需要不断地对假说进行修正,或者提出新的假说,从而一步步地向真理逼近。

我们在清晨观察到马路边的草坪是湿的,于是合理猜测,这一现象发生的原因是晚上下过雨。如果晚上下过雨,那么我们会得到一个推论:马路是湿的。我们观察到马路确实是湿的,因此晚上下过雨的可能性比较大。同时,我们还会有第二个推论:屋顶是湿的。如果我们观察到屋顶确实是湿的,因此晚上下过雨的可能性就更大了。

然而,如果所有的屋顶是干的呢?那么第二个推论就被证伪,而晚上下过雨就是对“草坪为何会湿”的一个错误解释。我们不妨再提出新的假说:草坪湿了是因为晚上有洒水车经过。新提出的假说必须具有这样的特征:既可以解释错误假说能够解释的现象,也可以解释错误假设不能够解释的现象。在本例中,洒水车经过既可以解释草坪和马路为什么是湿的,也可以解释屋顶为什么是干的。为了增加新假说的可信度,我们还应该基于新假说提出新的推论。例如,如果晚上有洒水车经过,因为洒水车通常伴放音乐,从而会引起路边小区中居民的注意或者狗发出叫声。当这一推论被证实后,新假说为真的可能性就更大了。

所以,溯因推理需要用很多不相关(away from topic,off-topic)的结论,向后地(Retro)去佐证我们的猜测,最后引导(lead)到真相。比如:下雨了\Leftarrow 草地湿了

注:ab作为前缀与off相近, 意为 away 或 away from。

上述例子是duct的应用,如果看不太懂可以多阅读几次,并理解其他词根的含义,如果理解困难的话很可能是前缀没有理解,导致了理解词根的困难可以反复看我曾经的博文加深理解。

好吧,以上内容较难,如果大家理解地差不多了可以继续以下内容∩_∩。

10. Introduce

引进(产品、观点)、介绍。intro = inwardly。向内领,领进来 \Rightarrow 介绍、引进。

11. Produce

Pro “向前” + 领 \Rightarrow 产出(结果),生产(流水线就是一步步向前的过程【如下】)。enter image description here
其中produce还可以表示农作物:

Things that have been produced or grown, especially by farming.

Productile,ile做adj.,表示延展性。
Productive:

Yielding results, benefits, or profits
可生产的、硕果累累的

Reproduce,繁殖(再生产),马哲中的扩大再生产就是Expanded reproduction。它还可以表示转载(一篇文章)。

12. Reduce

re “向后” + 领 \Rightarrow 减少。同义词为Contract(收缩)。

它还有一个经常被忽略的用法:落魄、沦落为。例句:

If someone is reduced to a weaker or inferior state, they become weaker or inferior as a result of something that happens to them.

这里的reduce更能表现出它原来(词根)的意思,一个向后发展的过程。同义词为degrade、downgrade。

13. Seduce

Se表分离(astray、aside、away),引出去、引分开 \Rightarrow 勾引。

Se作为前缀与separate(se + paro ‘prepare’)同源,它与self(去掉了“lf”)其实也有渊源,self意为独自(on one’s own),se从这个意思演化为aside(在一边)、away。在per se(by itself)这个拉丁短语中能看出他们的关系。

Seductive,有勾引力的。
Seducer,勾引者。
Seductress,女勾引者。

14. Subduce

sub “under, below” + 领 \Rightarrow 向下减。冷门,不常见。

Subdue是subduce的变体,lead down \Rightarrow 征服(bring under control)。

15. Traduce

Tra = trans,意为on the other side of(到另一边)。领到另一边 \Rightarrow 中伤,诋毁。把人的名声领到另一边就是中伤。

16. Educate

E “向外” + duc “领” + ate “动词化”。把人领出来 \Rightarrow 教育。教育的本质就是把人从愚昧中领出来。

Educand, and表被动,所以educand = student。and作后缀还有multiplicand(被乘数)、dividend(被除数)、minuend(被减数)、summand(被加数)。认识一下就好,不需要记。
Educative,educational,循循善诱的。

以上大致是duct所引出的几乎所有单词了,如果还有没讲到的欢迎补充,看不懂的欢迎留言提问~~

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  1. Wow, your explanation really help me to learn English!!! :D

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