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考研高频单词讲解-2


书接上回。上次讲了十个单词,其中包含了许多非常重要的词根,越往下讲词根的重复率会越大,所以词根方面的内容会变少,我尽量在其他的地方多补充点内容。

11.label

动词和名词的意思都有,动词就是标签化,比如label him a
loser。此处的label用作贬义,也可以和中文一样当成中性词使用。

例句:

labeled the switches so as not to confuse them

这里的label可以替换为categorize或者tag。

12.detail

De ‘off’ + tail ‘cut’ 意为切下来的东西 => 细节。

Tailor(裁缝)也是tail的衍生词,字面意思(literally)为’cutter’。

tailor还有作为动词的意思,也很常见,意为量身定做(裁缝干的事)。

比如

This patch is tailored for Windows users.
这个补丁是为Windows用户定制的。

tailor换成cuntomize亦可。

13.event

e’out,ex的变体(variant)’+ vent ’ come’ 出来的东西,通常指大事件。比如竞技体育的大型比赛就是一次event(Ti,s10,major…)

这里的vent也是一个重要词根,作为来的意思非常多见,convene,convention,adventure,circumvent’绕过’(circum是圆的词根,circumcise(cise = cide,切)可以帮助大家很好的记忆这个词根,意思请大家自行查阅,warning: NSFW⚠)

这里再分享一句个人很喜欢的亚历山大的名言

我来,我见,我征服。

I came, I saw, I conquered.
Veni, vidi, vici.(拉丁语)

这里的veni就是来,其他意思也是一一对应的。

Vidi就是看,衍生词visual,s,t,d互相变是正常操作,大家看过了就认识了。t和d是清浊辅音,s变t是因为发音相似,比如visual 和 virtual 的s和t的读音相似。

Vici是胜利,中国有个电竞俱乐部Vici gaming(VG)就取自该意。

还有IG战队(Invictus Gaming)也是如此,In表否定,后面也是拉丁语(vic做词根,tus形容词后缀),可以理解为invicible,unconquerable,即不可战胜之队。

Navi(natus vincere),vincere与vici是同根词,natus和natal(出生的)同根,加起来意思就是natal winner,天生赢家。

可见很多战队起名都习惯拿vici当作来源,这里讲了好多电竞相关的知识,女同学可能觉得无聊了,没关系,学会了可以讲给男朋友听:)

顺便说一句,大多数战队取名都是用的拉丁语或者非本国语言,至于原因,我想大概和"装逼"分不开haha,毕竟取人名都希望有诗意一点,战队名也是一样,一眼让人看懂了岂不是很没面子?( ̄▽ ̄)

14.inflate

in + flare(latin) ‘blow’( t->r 辅音变化),向里吹=>膨胀,经济学中为【通货膨胀】。注意与英语单词flare区分开,词根都是Latin,希腊等其他语族,而不是英语单词。

Deflation:通货紧缩

Stagflation:停滞性通货膨胀。Stag (stagnate)+ flat 的组合词。

15.verb

verb这个词大家见得很多了,但是这个词记忆却相当有技巧。

1.构词法里 w = v
(某些情况下,不绝对),因为发音类似,所以可以互相替换造出新词。

2.元音等同 a = e = i = o = u

3.词尾辅音变化,此变化通常是为了长得更像英语单词,或者发音更方便。

综合以上三点,v=w, e=o,
b=>d,就变成了新词word,而拉丁语中verb的词根就是word的意思,所以verbal是词语的意思。

至于为什么verb为什么有动词的意思,我想应该是说话中动词占主要成分,承上启下。

再分享一句Latin谚语帮助大家记忆词根:

Acta non verba (做,别bb)

Act not verb(简化成英语),是不是长得很像?

16.weather

这个单词应该都认识,说一个比较常见的动词用法

Weather the strom。渡过险境,作文里可以用一用。

Weather the quarantine(隔离)

17.dioxide,二氧化物

Di ‘duo’+ ox ‘氧气’+ ide 'acid’的合成词。

Duo上次已经讲过了,表示双。

ox来自于同一个词根 ‘ak-’(原始印欧语,意为酸,acid),原因如下:

x的音标为/eks/, 其实就可以把他当成三个字母组成的(e,k,s)。

那么ox = oeks = aks (元音替换后合并为a) = ak(辅音脱落)

Ide作为acid的后缀保留了下来,至于氧气为什么与acid联系在一起,与早期的讹传有关,当时认为氧气可以生成酸。参考

18.Europe

欧罗巴洲,简称欧洲,起源于希腊神话故事。欧罗巴(Europa)被伪装成公牛的宙斯,后被带到了克里特岛诱奸,在哪里她生了几个孩子,于是欧洲大陆便以她的名字命名。

延伸阅读:其他大陆的词源(维基百科)

19.evident

e ‘向外’+ vid ‘see’ = 向外看到的 => 明显的。

Evidence就是证据(很明显的东西)。

vid上文已经介绍过。

补充两个小拉丁短语:

1.Vide infra, (infra ‘下,below’ + structure,底层建筑)
,所以翻译成英语为:See below

2.Vide supra, (super ‘上,over,above’+
man,超过一般人,超人),英语:see above。

令人意外的是,legal与law并不同源(参见ref1,ref2),,不过把他们联系到一起记忆确实挺方便的。W变换成为g,再加个al作为形容词。

反义词为illegal。同义词为legitimate和lawful,有细微区别,都理解为合法的问题不大。同时legal还可以表示法律相关的。

后记:这一篇讲了不少词根以及相关的拉丁短语,第一次接触的同学可能看不太习惯,多查阅资料,善用搜索引擎可以帮助我们掌握更多的知识。有同学整理这些词根做笔记我当然欢迎,不过不记笔记也问题不大,勤查字典也许是很好的记忆方法。

**同时,不要想着背住词根来记忆相关单词,因为有的词根不好记忆,所以我推荐词根记不住就多记几个同根单词,用多个单词记忆同一个词根,词根记住了,或者看着眼熟了,再反过来记忆单词,相辅相成效果更佳,祝各位学习愉快~~

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