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词缀讲解后缀篇之 “ive”

 aerial view of mountains during daytime

本期是补充一下这篇文章,做一个关于后缀 “ive” 的更完整的介绍。

首先介绍一下 ive 做后缀的意思,主要有两个:

  1. having the nature(性质) of a thing
  2. tending to the action indicated

与 ous 不同的是,ive 如果做为suffix,那么它的词干(stem,就是 ive 前面的单词,与 root 为近义词,起到表意作用),只能是动词!动词!动词!(而 ous 只能是名词)。这种用法比较正式的说法为:

implied by a v
or
by a v

下面分析以上两个意思,第一个比较简单,某物拥有某个性质(nature),例如 addictive,有使人让人成瘾(addict)的性质 \Rightarrow 成瘾性。同理 creative \Rightarrow 创造性。

第二个 indicated 是个被动用法,\text{the action indicated} 这个短语意思是被表明的的动作,tending to就是趋向于这个动作。其中被 indicated 的东西就是词干,tending to 这个部分由 ive 表达。举个例子:Simon is active(act + ive),这里 act 就是 indicated 的东西,ive表示 Simon 有 act 的倾向 \Rightarrow Simon 是有活动(act)倾向(ive)的 \Rightarrow Simon很活跃。

正因为 ive 能表性质,所以大多用于正式的语境,所以在大量专业术语中能看到它,比如数学,计算机,英语…

下面介绍一些相关单词,可能有部分专业性词汇,不感兴趣的跳过即可。

Conclusive:Conclude 由 Con + close 组成,共同关闭 \Rightarrow 总结。总结 + ive \Rightarrow 总结性的。

Transitive,过渡性的。在语法中翻译为及物动词(transitive verb),这种翻译只关注了结果,而没有突出过渡这一过程。至于为什么及物 = 过渡,这里做出解释:

  1. 首先 trans 为过(across),it 作为词根表走(go,知道就行不用记忆),结合起来就是走过去 \Rightarrow 过渡。

  2. 其次,动词的作用就是从主语到宾语(一个go across的过程,一边到另一边),其中如果这个动词能起到过渡、桥梁的作用,那么他就是过渡性动词,比如 love,hate,过渡性很明显了吧。

  3. 最后,还有大量的的词不能起到过渡作用,如listen、smile、laugh…这一类动词有个共同的特点就是只能表示主语的状态,而不能表示动作的对象。举个例子:

    I’m listening. The boy laughed heartily.

    显然listen, laugh后面不能加宾语,句意也不允许加。那么如果想连接一个宾语怎么办?答:通过一个介词(adpositions),表动作的对象或者方位。
    比如:

    The boy laughed at his dog. 这个男孩对着他的狗大笑。
    I’m listening to the music. 我正在对着音乐听。

    这里 listen to 特意翻成了对着音乐听,逻辑是这样的:我们的耳朵在工作时不可能只听见一种声音(还有环境音,火车,汽车,雨声…),listen to 表明我只对(to)一种声音听(listen),那就是音乐。这也就是为什么 listen 为什么不是及物动词(Intransitive)的原因,因为 listen 不能表明动作对象,类似的例子很多,自行推导即可。

注:介词这里我没有写成 prepositions,因为还有一种介词为 postpositions(post = behind),它俩合并起来叫 adpositions,比如:

Let’s start over.
How will it turn out?

这里 over 和 out 不是 prepositions,而是 postpositions,也可以理解为副词(adverbs)。一个小细节,看不懂忽略即可。

——————————————单词继续—————————————————

Reflexive:Reflect + ive。其中 Reflect = Re ‘back’ + flect ‘to bend’,向后弯曲 \Rightarrow 反射、反思,理解为向后指向自己即可。于是在各种专业术语中就出现了这个单词:

  1. 数学:Reflective relation,自反关系。
  2. 英语:Reflective pronoun,反身代词,以 self 结尾的单词。
  3. 写作:Reflective writing,反思性写作,用批判性思维去反思自己的得与失。

Decisive:Decide + ive \Rightarrow 决定性的。Decide = De ‘down’ + cid ‘cut’(cid = cut,元音替换),向下切 \Rightarrow 决定。

Cumulative:累积性。这个单词很少见,但是在概率论中却是频率最高的单词了——累积分布函数(Cumulative distribution function),因为该函数单调递增,一直在积累值,故得此名。Cumulate 意思和 accumulate 基本一样,但是accumulate 比 cumulate 更常见,cumulative 比 accumulative 出现次数更多。

Abrasive,Erosive:原型为 abrade 和 erode,这两个单词具有相同的词根 rod (蚕食,啃,gnaw),可以放在一起记忆。Ab + rasive,啃走(gnaw away) \Rightarrow 磨损的(作名词也可以表磨石,参考 explosive),在地质学中为地表的磨损(abrasion)。E + rosive,向外啃 \Rightarrow 侵蚀,腐蚀。

Adaptive,适应性的。

Adoptive,过继的,收养关系的。要注意和 Adept 区分,该词意为熟练的(adj),老手(noun),因为 adept 没有动词,所以自然也就没有 adeptive 这个单词。

注:adapt 和 adept 都是 ad(to,加强动作) + apt (fit,适应) 组成(a 变成了 e),所以 adapt 的意思不难推出,adept 很容易弄混,不过熟练同样是一个适应的结果,适应了 \Rightarrow 熟练的,老手。Adopt 由 ad + opt(option,选择)组成,去选择 \Rightarrow 采纳,采用,收养(采纳了一个孤儿即为收养)。

Pre-emptive,先发制人的,抢先的。Pre + emp(拿,take)。emp 为拿,比如 example,向外拿 \Rightarrow 例子。exempt,向外拿 \Rightarrow 豁免。

Preventive,预防性的。Pre + vent(go,went,这里用 v=w 方便记忆),在前面走 \Rightarrow 预防。

submissive,submit 这里的意思为服从(在下面【往上】送,sub ‘under’ + mit ‘send’),submissive 也就是服从性的。

Recursive,重复发生的,递归的(计算机术语)。Re + cur ‘run’,反复跑 \Rightarrow 重复发生。

Competitive,具有竞争性的。

Expensive、expansive,expend 和 expand,这里要注意他们的词源是不同的。有兴趣的同学可以去上面两个超链接看看,知识密度很大,看懂了其实很有意思(涉及一些历史因素)。
这里提供一个记忆方法:spend 和 expend 同源,都有一个 e。pan 是平底锅,expand,平底锅向四周延展(pan 确实是延展的意思)\Rightarrow 扩展、延伸。

总结:本文不但讲了后缀,还涉及到了一些稍微难一点的语法知识,希望大家可以多多消化、举一反三!

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